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| 1715 rising | |
|---|---|
| Conflict | Jacobite Rising of 1715 |
| Date | 1715–1716 |
| Place | Great Britain, Scotland, England |
| Result | Hanoverian victory; suppression of Jacobite insurrection |
| Combatant1 | House of Hanover, Kingdom of Great Britain, British Army, Royal Navy |
| Combatant2 | Jacobitism, House of Stuart, James Francis Edward Stuart, Old Pretender |
| Commander1 | George I of Great Britain, Earl of Mar, John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke |
| Commander2 | John Erskine, Earl of Mar, James Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Derwentwater, Thomas Forster, William Maxwell, 5th Earl of Nithsdale |
| Strength1 | Estimates vary |
| Strength2 | Estimates vary |
| Casualties1 | Estimates vary |
| Casualties2 | Estimates vary |
1715 rising
The 1715 insurgency was a major Jacobite attempt to restore House of Stuart claimants to the thrones held by House of Hanover and George I of Great Britain, involving Scottish clans, English Catholics, and Continental exiles. It unfolded amid international tensions involving the War of the Spanish Succession, shifting alliances among Louis XIV of France, Philip V of Spain, and diplomatic maneuvering by figures such as James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde and Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke. The rebellion influenced Parliamentarian measures, trials before courts like the Court of Session (Scotland) and the Court of King’s Bench, and subsequent legislation affecting succession and forfeiture.
The insurrection drew on long-standing loyalties to House of Stuart rooted in conflicts like the Glorious Revolution, the Williamite War in Ireland, and the earlier Jacobite risings of 1689 and 1708, with veterans from the Battle of the Boyne and the Siege of Derry among sympathizers. Political fractures after the Acts of Union 1707 between Parliament of England and Parliament of Scotland and the accession of George I of Great Britain exacerbated tensions between Tory figures such as Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Whig leaders like Robert Walpole. International diplomacy featuring Treaty of Utrecht repercussions and clandestine contacts with France and Spain shaped the environment in which Jacobite agents operated.
Immediate causes included the alienation of Tory aristocrats after the Hanoverian succession and the return of exiled Jacobites coordinating with agents like Earl of Mar and intermediaries tied to James Francis Edward Stuart. Financial pressures on landed families, the mobilization of Highland clan networks such as Clan Donald, Clan Mackintosh, and Clan Campbell, and resentment over patronage systems involving figures like Duke of Marlborough and Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury produced fertile ground for rebellion. Continental intrigues involved envoys seeking support from Louis XIV of France and communications with the court of Papal States and exiled Jacobite circles in St. Germain-en-Laye.
The rising began with proclamations in Scotland and landed north‑south movements including attempted invasions in England. Leaders like John Erskine, Earl of Mar issued commissions and raised forces in the Highlands and Lowlands, while English contingents under Thomas Forster mobilized in counties with Catholic gentry such as Northumberland and Durham. The Jacobite movement relied on rendezvous points, arms shipments, and irregular warfare patterns resembling earlier operations by commanders tied to the Nine Years' War and veterans returned from service with France and Spain.
Engagements included skirmishes and pitched encounters such as the confrontation at the Preston where government forces under commanders aligned with Duke of Argyll and units of the British Army besieged insurgent positions. Actions in the Scottish theatre involved maneuvering near key towns and roads used by clans en route to muster points associated with places like Inverness and Perth. Naval and coastal operations implicated ports with ties to Jacobite sympathies and raised concerns for the Royal Navy and customs officials operating from bases such as Leith and Newcastle upon Tyne.
Prominent figures included John Erskine, Earl of Mar as the principal Scottish leader, English noble supporters such as James Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Derwentwater, and military organizers like Thomas Forster and William Maxwell, 5th Earl of Nithsdale. Loyalist commanders included John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, regional magnates such as Duke of Douglas‑era elites, and ministers and politicians like Robert Walpole who later consolidated Whig dominance. Continental actors and émigrés from St. Germain-en-Laye connected to James Francis Edward Stuart provided strategic counsel and attempted procurement through contacts with stakeholders in France and Spain.
The Hanoverian regime marshalled forces from the British Army and militia units commanded by figures such as John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll and legal instruments enacted by Parliament of Great Britain facilitated arrests, trials, and attainders targeting Jacobite peers including James Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Derwentwater and others. Intelligence gathering involved networks linked to Whig statesmen like Robert Walpole and secretaries communicating with the Court of St James's. The use of courts—Court of Session (Scotland), King's Bench (England)—led to executions, exile, and forfeiture of estates under statutes reflecting precedent from the Acts of Attainder and earlier punitive measures.
The defeat weakened immediate prospects for restoration of House of Stuart claimants, consolidated House of Hanover legitimacy under George I of Great Britain, and precipitated legal and social repercussions for Jacobite families via forfeiture and exile to destinations including France and Spain. Political fallout strengthened Whig ascendancy with ministers like Robert Walpole gaining influence, influenced later uprisings culminating in the Jacobite rising of 1745, and altered clan dynamics among Clan Campbell, Clan MacDonald, and Highland houses with long‑term effects on landholding and settlement patterns across Scotland. The episode remained a focal point for historians and contemporaries examining succession, loyalty, and international intrigue involving the courts of Louis XIV of France, Pope Clement XI, and other European sovereigns.
Category:Jacobite risings Category:18th century in Great Britain