South Dakota Legislature

South Dakota Legislature. The legislative branch of South Dakota state government, it is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It convenes at the South Dakota State Capitol in Pierre. The legislature is responsible for enacting state laws, approving the budget, and providing oversight of the executive branch.

History

The legislature was established upon South Dakota's admission to the Union in 1889 under the Enabling Act of 1889. Its early sessions were dominated by issues of Populist and Progressive reform, agricultural policy, and relations with Native American tribes. Significant historical actions include the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment and later its repeal, as well as various responses to the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression. The modern political landscape has been characterized by strong Republican majorities since the late 20th century.

Structure and composition

The legislature comprises 35 senators and 70 representatives. Senators serve four-year terms, while representatives serve two-year terms, with all seats up for election in even-numbered years. The state is divided into 35 legislative districts, each electing one senator and two representatives. This system has been shaped by reapportionment following each decennial census, often overseen by the courts. The Republican Party has held a supermajority in both chambers for many consecutive sessions.

Legislative process

Bills may be introduced in either chamber, except for revenue bills which must originate in the House of Representatives. Legislation undergoes committee review, readings, and debates in each chamber. A simple majority vote in both the Senate and House is required for passage, followed by presentation to the Governor. The governor may sign the bill, allow it to become law without a signature, or issue a veto, which the legislature may override with a two-thirds vote in each chamber. The legislature also utilizes the initiative and referendum process for direct citizen lawmaking.

Powers and duties

The legislature's primary constitutional authority is to enact statutes for the welfare of the state. It holds the "power of the purse," crafting and passing the annual general appropriations bill. It has the authority to impeach state officials, ratify certain gubernatorial appointments, and propose amendments to the Constitution of South Dakota. Other duties include establishing state courts inferior to the South Dakota Supreme Court, regulating tribal-state relations within federal limits, and overseeing state agencies through committees like the Government Operations and Audit Committee.

Leadership and committees

The Senate is presided over by the President of the Senate, a position held by the Lieutenant Governor, although the President pro tempore often manages daily proceedings. The House of Representatives is led by the Speaker of the House. Key leadership roles include the Majority and Minority Leaders in each chamber. Standing committees, such as Appropriations, Judiciary, and Taxation, conduct detailed bill review. Notable committees include the Executive Board of the Legislative Research Council, which manages legislative services.

Current session and recent activity

The 99th legislative session convened in January 2024. Recent sessions have focused on legislation concerning abortion restrictions following the Dobbs decision, substantial tax cuts, education funding and policy reforms, and regulations on medical and recreational cannabis following voter-approved initiatives. Other significant measures have addressed critical race theory in curricula, transgender athlete participation, and infrastructure projects funded by federal acts like the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. The Republican supermajority continues to set the policy agenda.