Republic of Croatia
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| Republic of Croatia | |
|---|---|
 Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman, R-41, Minestrone, Lupo · Public domain · source | |
| Conventional long name | Republic of Croatia |
| Native name | Republika Hrvatska |
| Capital | Zagreb |
| Official languages | Croatian |
| Ethnic groups | 90.4% Croats, 4.4% Serbs, 5.2% others |
| Religion | 86.3% Catholicism, 4.4% Eastern Orthodoxy, 1.5% Islam |
| Demonym | Croatian |
| Government type | Unitary parliamentary republic |
| Leader title1 | President |
| Leader name1 | Zoran Milanović |
| Leader title2 | Prime Minister |
| Leader name2 | Andrej Plenković |
| Legislature | Sabor |
| Area km2 | 56,594 |
| Population estimate | 3,850,894 |
| Population estimate year | 2022 |
| GDP PPP | $157.4 billion |
| GDP PPP year | 2023 |
| GDP PPP per capita | $41,092 |
| Gini | 28.3 |
| Gini year | 2022 |
| Gini change | low |
| HDI | 0.878 |
| HDI year | 2022 |
| HDI change | very high |
| Date format | dd.mm.yyyy. |
| Drives on | right |
| Calling code | +385 |
| Cctld | .hr |
Republic of Croatia. The Republic of Croatia is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic located at the crossroads of Central Europe and Southeast Europe. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb, and the nation is a member of the European Union, the United Nations, NATO, and the World Trade Organization. Known for its diverse geography encompassing the Adriatic Sea coast, the Dinaric Alps, and the Pannonian Basin, it is a popular global tourist destination celebrated for its cultural heritage and natural beauty.
History
The lands of modern Croatia were part of the Roman Empire, later seeing the arrival of Croats in the early 7th century. The establishment of the Duchy of Croatia was followed by the crowning of King Tomislav in 925, creating the Kingdom of Croatia. A personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary began in 1102, lasting for centuries. Following the Battle of Mohács and the Ottoman wars in Europe, much of the territory came under Habsburg rule. After World War I, it co-founded the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. During World War II, a fascist puppet state, the Independent State of Croatia, was established. Post-war, it became a founding republic of the socialist Federal Yugoslavia. The first multi-party elections in 1990 were won by the Croatian Democratic Union under Franjo Tuđman, leading to the Croatian War of Independence following its declaration of independence in 1991. The war concluded with the Operation Storm offensive in 1995. The country joined NATO in 2009 and the European Union in 2013.
Geography
Situated in the Balkans, it borders Slovenia to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the southeast, and Montenegro to the southeast, with a maritime border with Italy in the Adriatic Sea. Its distinctive shape resembles a crescent or horseshoe, featuring three main geographic regions: the lowland Pannonian Basin with rivers like the Sava and Drava; the central Dinaric Alps including Dinara peak; and the indented Adriatic Sea coastline which includes over a thousand islands such as Krk, Cres, and Hvar. Notable national parks include Plitvice Lakes National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site, and Krka National Park. The climate varies from continental inland to Mediterranean along the coast.
Government and politics
It is a unitary parliamentary republic defined by the Constitution of Croatia. The head of state is the directly elected President of Croatia, a position held by Zoran Milanović, while the head of government is the Prime Minister of Croatia, currently Andrej Plenković of the Croatian Democratic Union. Legislative power is vested in the unicameral Croatian Parliament (Sabor). The judiciary is independent, with the Supreme Court of Croatia at its apex. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Major political parties include the Croatian Democratic Union, the Social Democratic Party of Croatia, and the Bridge of Independent Lists. Croatia is an active participant in international organizations, having held the presidency of the Council of the European Union in 2020.
Economy
Classified as a high-income economy by the World Bank, it has a developed service sector, followed by industry and agriculture. Key economic sectors include tourism, which significantly contributes to GDP, with major destinations like Dubrovnik, Split, and the Istrian peninsula. Important industries are shipbuilding historically centered in Rijeka and Pula, food processing, pharmaceuticals, and information technology. Major companies include the oil and gas firm INA and the retail giant Agrokor. The national currency is the Euro, adopted in 2023, replacing the Croatian kuna. Important infrastructure projects include the Pelješac Bridge and the Zagreb Airport expansion. Challenges include regional disparities, bureaucratic inefficiency, and demographic decline.
Demographics
According to the 2021 census, the population is approximately 3.9 million, with a density of about 68 people per square kilometer. The largest ethnic group are Croats, with significant minorities including Serbs, Bosniaks, Italians, Hungarians, and Albanians. The official language is Croatian, a South Slavic language written in the Latin alphabet. The predominant religion is Roman Catholicism, with minorities practicing Eastern Orthodoxy, Islam, and other faiths. The largest urban areas are the capital Zagreb, followed by Split, Rijeka, and Osijek. The population is aging, with a low fertility rate and negative natural growth, partially offset by immigration.
Culture
Croatian culture is a blend of diverse influences from Central Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. The nation's cultural heritage is reflected in its ten UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage listings, including lacemaking and the Sinjska alka knights' tournament. Notable contributions to world heritage include the historic complexes of Dubrovnik and the Diocletian's Palace in Split. Literary figures such as Marko Marulić, Miroslav Krleža, and contemporary writers like Dubravka Ugrešić have gained international recognition. In music, Croatia is known for the invention of the necktie (cravat) and composers like Josip Štolcer-Slavenski, while popular music festivals include the Ultra and the Ultra and the . The country|Ultra and the Zagreb. The country's national football, the Croatian cuisine and the Croatian cuisine features Croatian cuisineCroatian cuisine and the cuisine and the cuisine and the cuisine and the cuisine and Croatian cuisine and the cuisine and the cuisine and the cuisine and Croatian cuisine and cuisine and cuisine and Croat andC andC andC andC andC andC andCroat cuisine andC andCroatia andCroatiaCroatiaCroatiaC andCroatian cuisineC andC andCroatiaCroatiaCroatiaC andCroatia and Croatia and musicCroatia and music and music and music and music and C and musicCroatia and musicCroatia and musicCroatia andCroatia andCroatia and musicCroatia andC andCroatia andCroatia andCroatia andCroatia andCroatia andCroatia andCroatia andCroatia andC andCroatia andCroatia andCroatia andCroatia andCroatia and Croatia andCroatia andCroatia andCroatia andCroatia and Croatia andCroatia andCroatia andCroatia and Croat andCroatia andCroat andCroat andCroatia andCroatia andCroatia andCroatia andCroatia andCroatia andCroatia andCroatia andCroatiaCCCCCCCCCCCCroatia andC andC andC and C andC andCC andCCCCCCCCCCC andC andC andC andC and politics|CCCCCCCroatia andC andCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC and C andCCCCCCCCC and C andC andC andC andC andC C andCCCCCCCCCC andCCCC and C andC andC andC andCC andCC andC andC C andC andC andC andC andC andC andC andC andC andC andC andC andC andC andC andC and C andC andC andC and C andC andC andC andC andC andC andC andC andC andC andC and C andC andC andC andC andC andCCCCCCCCCCCCC and CCCC andCCCC andC andC andC andC andC andC andC