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PubMed

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PubMed
TitlePubMed
DescriptionBibliographic database of life sciences and biomedical information
ProducerNational Center for Biotechnology Information
HistoryLaunched 1996
DisciplinesMedicine, biomedical research, life sciences
FormatBibliographic citations, abstracts, links to full text
UpdateDaily

PubMed. It is a free search engine and database primarily accessing the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics. Operated by the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the United States National Library of Medicine, which is part of the National Institutes of Health, it is a cornerstone resource for researchers, clinicians, and students worldwide. The system provides a comprehensive gateway to millions of citations from scientific literature, facilitating the dissemination of critical research findings.

Overview

The core of the system is the MEDLINE database, which contains over millions of citations from thousands of academic journals covering fields from medicine and pharmacology to nursing and veterinary science. It also includes citations for most articles in the PubMed Central full-text archive, as well as citations from selected life science journals not in MEDLINE. The resource is interlinked with other National Center for Biotechnology Information databases like GenBank and the Protein Data Bank, creating a powerful, integrated information network. Its development and maintenance are funded by the U.S. government, ensuring free public access to its vast repository of knowledge.

Content and sources

Content is sourced from a vast array of international scientific publications, with a strong emphasis on peer-reviewed journals. The primary component, MEDLINE, is curated by the United States National Library of Medicine using a controlled vocabulary thesaurus known as Medical Subject Headings. In addition to MEDLINE records, it includes citations from OLDMEDLINE, pre-1966 citations, and citations for articles from certain journals before they were selected for MEDLINE indexing. It also provides access to the full-text articles housed in the PubMed Central repository, a key initiative of the National Institutes of Health Public Access Policy.

Search features and functionality

The search interface employs a sophisticated algorithm that automatically maps user search terms to relevant Medical Subject Headings to improve recall and precision. Advanced search capabilities include field-specific searching, use of Boolean operators, and filters for publication type, date, species, and language. The "My National Center for Biotechnology Information" feature allows users to save searches, create alerts for new publications, and organize collections of citations. The system also provides direct links to full-text articles on publisher sites and in PubMed Central, as well as related citation tracking.

Access and use

Access is provided freely via the internet to users globally without any subscription requirements. Many citations include links to the full-text article on the publisher's website or the free repository at PubMed Central, depending on the journal's access policies. Institutions often use LinkOut services to connect their local library subscriptions directly from citations. It is extensively used by professionals at organizations like the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and major universities such as Harvard University and Johns Hopkins University for literature review and clinical decision support.

History and development

The service was launched in January 1996 as a direct response to the growing need for efficient electronic access to the MEDLINE database. Its development was led by the National Center for Biotechnology Information under the direction of individuals like David Lipman. A major milestone was the launch of PubMed Central in 2000, establishing a free digital archive of full-text journal articles. The system has continually evolved, incorporating new search technologies and expanding its content coverage to keep pace with the rapid growth of biomedical research and the policies of the National Institutes of Health.

Several closely related resources extend its functionality. PubMed Central is a companion free full-text archive. The Entrez system provides cross-database searching across multiple National Center for Biotechnology Information databases including Nucleotide and Protein sequences. For clinical queries, the ClinicalTrials.gov database offers information on research studies. Other significant bibliographic databases in the life sciences include Scopus from Elsevier and Web of Science from Clarivate, though these are typically subscription-based services unlike the publicly funded system discussed.

Category:Bibliographic databases Category:Medical research Category:National Institutes of Health