Jeju Island

Jeju Island
source
Name	Jeju Island
Native name	제주도
Location	Korea Strait
Area km2	1,849
Highest mount	Hallasan
Elevation m	1,947
Country	South Korea
Largest city	Jeju City

Jeju Island. Located in the Korea Strait, south of the Korean Peninsula, it is the largest island in South Korea and a special self-governing province. Renowned for its volcanic landscape, including the shield volcano Hallasan, the island features a unique basalt geology, a temperate climate, and a distinct cultural heritage. Its natural and cultural significance is recognized by designations such as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and Global Geopark.

Geography and climate

The island is dominated by Hallasan, South Korea's highest peak, which forms a central shield volcano. The coastline features dramatic cliffs, such as those at Jusangjeolli, and numerous satellite cones like Seongsan Ilchulbong. Its climate is humid subtropical, influenced by the warm Kuroshio Current, with milder winters than the mainland but frequent high winds. The terrain includes extensive lava tube systems, including the Manjanggul cave, and fertile plains formed from volcanic ash soils.

History

Historical records mention the Tamna kingdom, which maintained tributary relations with ancient Korean states like Silla and Goryeo. It was formally incorporated into Joseon dynasty administration in the 15th century, often used as a place of exile for scholars like Kim Jeong-hui. In the 20th century, the island was the site of the April 3 Incident, a major uprising and suppression in 1948. Following the Korean War, its development accelerated, leading to its current status as a Special Self-Governing Province.

Culture and society

The island's culture is distinct, with matriarchal elements seen in the haenyeo (female divers) tradition, recognized by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage. Shamanistic practices, centered on sites like Samseonghyeol, coexist with Buddhism and Christianity. The local Jeju language is considered a separate Koreanic language by many linguists. Traditional festivals include the Yeongdeunggut ceremony, and iconic folk symbols are the dol hareubang (stone grandfather) statues.

Economy and tourism

The economy has transitioned from agriculture and fishing to being dominated by tourism and services. Key agricultural products include Hallabong citrus, Jeju black pig, and green tea from plantations like those on Seogwipo. The island is a major domestic and international tourist destination, featuring resorts like Jungmun Resort, the Jeju Folk Village Museum, and numerous UNESCO World Heritage sites under the "Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes" listing. Jeju International Airport serves as a primary hub.

Flora and fauna

The ecosystem varies with altitude, from subtropical forests at lower elevations to subalpine coniferous forests near the summit of Hallasan. The island is a critical stopover for migratory birds on the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. Endemic species include the Jeju horse, a designated Natural Monument of South Korea, and the Jeju salamander. The surrounding waters host diverse marine life, central to the livelihood of the haenyeo.

Geology and natural features

The island is a volcanic shield formed from Pleistocene and Holocene eruptions, primarily of basalt and trachyte. Its most significant geological features are the extensive lava tube systems, including Geomunoreum and Bengdwigul. Other notable formations include the Sanbangsan lava dome, the crater lake Baengnokdam atop Hallasan, and the columnar jointing at Jusangjeolli. These features are central to its status as a UNESCO Global Geopark.

Category:Islands of South Korea Category:Volcanic islands Category:Provinces of South Korea