Gunnar Sønsteby

Gunnar Sønsteby was a highly decorated Norwegian resistance fighter during the German occupation of Norway. Known by the codenames "No. 24" and "Kjakan," he became a central figure in the Milorg network and is widely regarded as one of the war's most effective saboteurs. His daring operations against the Nazi occupation forces, particularly in Oslo, were instrumental in hindering the German war effort. Sønsteby remains the most decorated citizen in Norwegian history, receiving the War Cross with sword three times.

Early life and education

Gunnar Sønsteby was born in the industrial town of Rjukan in Telemark county. He moved to the capital for his education, attending the University of Oslo where he studied economics. Before the outbreak of World War II, he worked in an administrative role for a private firm, gaining organizational skills that would later prove invaluable. The Norwegian Campaign and the subsequent invasion by Wehrmacht forces in April 1940 abruptly ended his civilian life, compelling him to take action against the occupying power.

World War II resistance

Following the German victory in the Norwegian Campaign, Sønsteby immediately engaged in resistance work, initially involved in intelligence gathering and the clandestine press. He soon joined the military resistance organization Milorg and later received specialized training in the United Kingdom with the Kompani Linge, a unit under the command of the Special Operations Executive. His most famous operations include a pivotal role in the Gunnerside raid against the Vemork heavy water plant, which crippled the German nuclear weapons program. Operating primarily in Oslo under intense Gestapo surveillance, he masterminded numerous sabotage acts, including the theft of millions of Norwegian krone banknotes to cripple the occupation currency and raids on offices holding vital national registry files to prevent the deportation of Norwegians to Germany.

Post-war life and career

After the liberation of Norway in 1945, Sønsteby transitioned to a successful business career. He held executive positions in several major corporations, including roles at Norsk Hydro and as a director for the American Motors Corporation in the Nordic countries. He also served on the boards of various industrial and financial institutions. Despite his private sector success, he remained a dedicated public figure, frequently lecturing on the war years and the importance of democratic vigilance. He authored several books about his experiences, including the memoir *Report from No. 24*.

Awards and honors

Gunnar Sønsteby is the most decorated Norwegian for wartime service. He was awarded his first War Cross with sword in 1945, followed by a second in 1946, and an unprecedented third in 1949. He also received Norway's St. Olav's Medal With Oak Branch and the Defence Medal 1940–1945. His international honors include the British Distinguished Service Order and the French Légion d'honneur. In 2006, he was appointed a Commander with Star of the Order of St. Olav by King Harald V for his lifelong contributions to the nation.

Legacy and memorials

Sønsteby is celebrated as a national hero in Norway, symbolizing the courage and strategic ingenuity of the resistance movement. A prominent statue of him, created by sculptor Per Ung, was unveiled in 2015 near his former operational headquarters in Oslo. The Norwegian Armed Forces named the main headquarters of the Norwegian Special Operations Command "Sønsteby Hall" in his honor. His legacy is taught in Norwegian schools, and his story is featured at the Norwegian Resistance Museum at Akershus Fortress. The annual Sønsteby Prize is awarded to individuals or groups demonstrating exceptional civic courage.

Category:Norwegian resistance members Category:Norwegian military personnel of World War II Category:Recipients of the War Cross (Norway)