Congress of Deputies

Congress of Deputies. It is the lower house of the Cortes Generales, Spain's bicameral parliament, and holds primary legislative power. Established by the Spanish Constitution of 1978, it is composed of 350 deputies elected by proportional representation from provincial constituencies. The body is central to forming the government, controlling its actions, and approving the state budget.

History

The modern institution was created following the Spanish transition to democracy after the death of Francisco Franco. Its first democratic election was held on 15 June 1977, effectively replacing the Francoist Cortes. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 formally codified its role and powers, drawing inspiration from parliamentary traditions of other European democracies like the Bundestag in Germany and the Italian Chamber of Deputies. Key historical sessions include the failed coup attempt of 23 February 1981, during which deputies were held hostage in the chamber, and the 2004 Madrid bombings, which dramatically influenced the 2004 Spanish general election. The Palacio de las Cortes in Madrid has been its permanent seat since the 19th century.

Composition and election

Members are elected for a maximum four-year term through a closed list system of proportional representation, utilizing the D'Hondt method. The national territory is divided into 52 electoral districts corresponding to the 50 provinces and the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla. Each district is allocated a minimum initial representation, with remaining seats distributed based on population, favoring less populated areas. A three percent threshold of valid votes in a district is required to obtain representation. This system has traditionally benefited major national parties like the People's Party and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, though it also allows for regional parties such as Junts per Catalunya, the Basque Nationalist Party, and EH Bildu to gain seats.

Powers and functions

It holds exclusive power to grant and revoke confidence in the Prime Minister through a constructive vote of no confidence. It exercises primary legislative initiative, with most government bills being introduced here, and must approve the annual State Budget. Along with the Senate, it has the power to amend the Constitution, authorize international treaties, and approve the government's decree-laws. It also plays a crucial role in scrutinizing the executive through question sessions, committees of inquiry, and interpellations. The body must authorize the declaration of states of alarm, exception, and siege by the government.

Leadership and organization

The governing body is the Bureau, presided over by the President of the Congress of Deputies, a position held by Francina Armengol since 2023. The Bureau includes several Vice Presidents and Secretaries elected from among the deputies. Work is organized into permanent legislative committees, such as those for Constitutional Affairs, Economy, and Foreign Affairs, which conduct detailed examination of bills. The Ombudsman is also appointed by the chamber. The internal rules are governed by the Standing Rules, and sessions are directed by the President with support from the Secretary General.

Relationship with the Senate

As the lower house, it holds primacy over the Senate in most legislative matters, particularly concerning the budget and the investiture of the Prime Minister. In the ordinary legislative process, the Senate acts as a chamber of territorial reflection and can propose amendments or veto bills, but a simple majority can override a Senate veto. For constitutional reforms, organic laws, and laws relating to the autonomous communities, the two chambers have more equal standing, often requiring agreement from both. The Senate's role is defined as representing territorial interests, while the Congress is considered the direct representation of the Spanish people.